INTRODUCTION:

Xanthium indicum Koenig (Family: Asteraceae) is defined as a cocklebur usually found along the cityside, rice fields, fence^[1,2]The term “Xanthium” is concluded from an ancient Greek word “Xanthos” which is referred to yellow and “indicum” is referred to “cushion like swelling,” Those seed changes from green colour to yellow colour when they get ripe and in later stage it becomes deep yellow colour to brown colour.^[3]Very naturally it is called Chota gokhru because it looks like cow’s toe. It is also called as adhasisi, due to its treatment in curing hemicrania. There are 25 genus of Xanthium present which include, species of origin of America Xanthium spinosum and Xanthium indicum are used medicinally in Brazil, European countries and Northern America. Xanthium canaden is used in Northern America and Eastern Brazil.^[4]Xanthium indicum is widely cultivated as a greeny vegetable in China.

In Assam the lower leaf and floral tops are boiled in water and are used as edible plant. Generally, the fruit is suspected as a toxic and the herb is also poisonous, so they are washed thoroughly and used for cooking.^[5]In western culture Xanthium indicum is defined as a toxic plant for animals.^[3] It is also considered to watch cattle loss and loss of horses, goats, pigs and sheep. It also helps in diminishing weight gained in poultry.^[5-9] The plant contains long thorns and slender spines at base of the leaf.^[10]

Botanical Description:

An annual herb Xanthium indicum can grow up to 1m in height that contains short, little fat, hairy stem and more basically it grows at useless places, countryside’s and along the sea shore in hotter areas, leaves generally speaking alternate, triangular ovate or sub-orbicular, lightweight associated dark in experienced in colorize an different pattern with improper lobes and comparatively unnoticeable teeth, (5–15cm) long, usually trilobed, with outstanding veins, long stalk, scabrous on either side. Stems square measures spherical or slightly ribbed, usually arranged with purple and have small white hairs scattered beyond the surface; flower heads square measure in terminal and axillary racemes, and square measure white or green; various male top, feminine ovoid, lined with hooked bristles. Hooked bristles and two beaks which is obovoid and closely hardened fruits were seen. Mid-season is the blossoming period of Xanthium in India. Because of their hooked beaks the fruit gets transferred through animals. Naturally it blossoms during July-Oct and seeds gets ripped from Aug -Oct. The flowering plants were non- comparable and Insects complete their pollination. Xanthium indicum is an Autogamy plant. When ripe the fruits were harvested and dried for later use.^[11] Leaves 5-7.5cm long and almost are wide, broadly triangular-ovate or hispid on both surfaces, apex acute, often 3 or 5 lobed, irregularly serrate, and somewhat cordate or shortly cuneate; petioles 2.5-7.5 cm long. Flower heads numbered white or green, in terminal and axillary racemes.^[12]

Taxonomical Classification^(12-22)

Kingdom	Plantae
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Subclass	Asteridae
Order	Asterales
Genus	Xanthium
Species	Xanthium indicum koenig
Family	Asteraceae

Vernacular names

Bengali	Banokra
English	Burweed, cocklebur
Hindi	Chotagokhru
Kannada	Marul ummathi
Sanskrit	Arishta
Tamil	Maruloomatham
Telugu	Marulamathangi

Phytochemical Constituents:

Xanthium indicum, has the unique source of various types of compounds having diverse chemical composition. Aerial parts of the plant contain-3,4,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 11α,13-dihydroxanthatin, 1-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 1β,4β,4α,5α–diepoxy xanth-11(13)-en-12-oic acid,^[32,33]2-epixanthumin and 8-epi-xanthatin-5β-epoxide, 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinicacid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-oxo- 1(5), 2, 11, (13)-xanthatriene-12,8-olide, 4-oxo-bedfordia acid, 4β, 5βepoxyxanthatin-1α, 4α-endoperoxide, 8-epixanthatin, atractyloside, caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acids, carboxyatractyloside, chlorogenic acid, cynarin,^[34,35]deacetylxanthinin, elemanolides,^[31] gaianolides, germacranolides, hydroquinone, isoxanthanol, linoleic acid,^[30] phytosterols, potassium3-O-caffeoylquinate, sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpenoids, sulphated glycoside, thiazinedione, xanthanolides,^[23-27]xanthatin, xanthinin, xanthinol, xanthinosin, xanthostrumarin, xanthumin, α and γ-tocopherol.^[28,29]

The fruits of Xanthium were used in making activated carbon^[38]. The fruits of Xanthium are choline, ferulic acid, formononetin, hydroquinone, iodine, ononin.^[37]The young fruit contains arginine, fructose, aspartic acid, organic acids, cystine, glucose, amino-n-butyric acid, phosphatides, potassium nitrate, proline, strumaroside,^[39,40]sucrose, tryptophan.^[41,42]β-sitosterol and γ-sitosterol.

Monoterpenes {49.4%} and sesquiterpenes {29.1%} were found in oil of seeds, the leafy oil contains monoterpenes-55.8% and sesquiterpenes-26.4%. Those oil contains boranyl acetate, borneol-10.6%, bornyl acetate, carveol, d-carveol, d-limonene, limonene, p-cymene, p-cymene,^[42,43]sabinene, terpineolene, terpinolene, α-ionone, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene, β-cubebene, β-selinene. Unsaturated Fatty acid includes, behenic acid, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic, and Myristic, capric, lauric, palmitic acid is saturated Fatty acid.^[43]

The lipids contain 2-hydroxytomentosin, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, C27–C33-n-alkanes, C28–C32-n-alkanols, campesterol, chlorobutanol, heptacosanol, isoalantolactone, isoguaiene, isohexacosane, oleic acid, oxalic acid, phytol, Potassium chloride, Potassium nitrate, Potassium sulphate, stearyl alcohol, stigmasterol, stromasterol, tomentosin, xanthanodiene, β-selinene and β-sitosterol.

Pharmacological activity:

Antitussive Activity:

The Anti-tussive activity in mice was determined by the plant extract by addition of dose to the mice step by step.^[45] The customary drug codeine phosphate was found in the extract. The extract of the plant at a dose range between {100-200mg/kg} revealed important hindrance to cough reflex by [39.75%] and [65.58%], severely, throughout the time interval.

Antifungal activity:

Due to the presence of terpenes, the extract exhibit greater potentiality to Anti-fungal action^[46]. Followed by the compound named as ‘acetyl xanthumin’ obtained from indicum is widely used, as it dominates the fungal derivative. Germination of zoo-spores and growth of mycelium of Phytophthora drechsleri were inhibited in adverse by the extract, through in-vitro, at low concentration.^[43] Similarly, the mycelial growth of Usarium moniliforme can be stopped by the extract of the plant.^[47]The activity of the extract supresses the action of fluconazole and std hexane content.^[48] Against Aspergillus fumigatus, the extract of the plant has an increased activity for a free-chemical group.^[49]^]

Anti-mitotic Activity:

Xanthium indicum could possess antimitotic activity. The plant has been tested for its anti-mitotic reaction through the Microtubule-tubulin system separated from class tissues. And then the removed fractions obtained were known and used for in-vitro polymerization studies. Tubulin polymerisation inhibits the effective partially removed chemical constituents.^[50]

Neuropharmacological Activity:

Xanthumin showed Neuropharmacological activity. General behaviour patterns, long-term pentobarbitone-inhibited sleep, reduced pupil movement, suppression of exploratory behaviour patterns, and avoiding response can be seen in Mice which was provided with the plant extract.^[51,52]

Antitrypanosomal and Antimalarial Activities:

Alcoholic extract of Xanthium indicum leaf possess antitrypanosomal activity. The extract contains the activity which was tested in four concentration (10-500mg/kg). Similarly, in-vivo technique of the plant extract shows anti-trypanosomal effect at dose of [100-1000mg/kg], through intestine. So, at {100mg/kg} the plant extract is found to be toxic for animals.^[53] Water and alcohol residue of the plant has anti-plasmodial effect which he in stopping the development of the Plasmodium falciparum strain [FCR-3] with EC50 values <10 μg/ml. The effect can be explained by the presence of xanthinin.^[54-56]

Diuretic Activity:

The plant possesses eminent anti-excreting property. The study was performed on 60 rats in which 30% extract of Xanthium indicum were induced. The endpoints were compared to positive control, [cyclophosphamide], and a negative control [alcoholic extract].^[57] Thereafter, next study was carried under Wistar rats to determine anti-diuretic property with 65% of alcoholic Xanthium indicum. Three dosage level of 100/200/400 were taken seperately. A high level of natriuresis and kaluresis were seen when comparing the naturality between diuretic effect of extract and Furosemide. No toxicity has been proved by clinical signature but when dose is increased to 2000mg/kg mortality can be seen.^[58]

Antiallergic Activity:

A restrictive dose impact on mast cells were exerted by liquid extracts of Xanthium indicum. The extract suppressed native immunoglobulin (IgE) mediate passive connective tissue hypersensitivity. The secretion of enzyme from anti-dinitrophenyl {DNP}IgE protein excited mast cells were suppressed to 56 because of the addition of 0.1mg/ml of Xanthii fructus. The plant’s fruit is also helpful within the treatment of varied forms of inflammatory and allergic diseases.^[59-61] Therapeutically, in vivo phototoxicity of mice induced with seed oil of Xanthium indicum can be used against heat burns, formation of heat burn cell, decrease of skin cells and native decertation of contact hypersensitivity by ultra-violet irradiation.^[62]

Repellent and Insecticidal Effects:

Randomised design and 25 replicates under lab surrounding were performed with plant residue and the activity were noted, in which equal proportion of water is obtained from leaves and fruits. Based on the fact that the effect on insecticidal is very low when compared with repellent. Furthermore, the younger self of Colorado Potato Beetle from the field was tested and repellent effect was established. This effect is due to the toxic components present in the fruits and leaves of Xanthium indicum. Hydroquinone and Xanthatin possess low toxic effect. These components were said to be repellent components.^[63,64]

Contact Dermatitis:

Xanthium indicum was suspected to cause intact dermatitis. The patch test with a V-J Day liquid extract of airdried leaves revealed a good property. The concentration of two plants {Xanthium indicum and Parthenium hysterphorus} were tested and it denotes an increased degree of high sensitivity is seen in Xanthium.^[65]

Anti-Allergic Rhinitis Effect:

Xanthium indicum is an herbal plant used against nasal problems, mainly allergic rhinitis (AR). In a study, the methodology of Xanthium indicum in treating Allergic-rhinitis has been verified.^[66-68]. The activation of (C 48/80) mast cells, and the mechanism that inhibits Ca2+ uptake, the release of histamine and increase cAMP in RPMC inhibits the counter medicine.^[69]. From the fruit the caffeoyl Xanthiazonoside (CXT) was extracted and it is useful in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, anti-allergic, anti-infection and painkilling properties.^[70]

Antilipidemic Effect:

The plant exhibits high level of antilipidemic activity. The anti-lipidemic effect of caffeic acid and phenolic compounds present in the fruits of Xanthium were demonstrated. After the injection is made into the veins of rat which is both streptozotocin and insulin induced, decrease in blood glucose level can be seen, but the fact is that normal rats will not have any change upon inducing the enzymes. So, the caffeic acid insulin content can be taken into account. Decrease in blood cholesterol, impure cholesterol and increase in good cholesterol will be seen^[71-75]

Anti-viral effect:

Hepatitis B virus is counter attacked by the extract which shows major anti-viral action and it can also restrain bodily changes.^[76] 5 components were isolated from the plant and discussed. The results indicated that 2-desoxy-6-epi-parthemollin, caffeic acid ethyl ester, norxanthantolide F, threo-guaiacylglycerol-80-vanillic acid ether, Xanthatin exhibited extensive activity against Influenza A virus.^[77]]

Anti-arthritic activity:

Xanthium indicum. fruit [Xanthiu fruit] has been basically used as a medicinal herb in China for the treatment of many disease condition including Arthritis. It can lead to swelling of paw, arthritic score, increased BMR and loss of thymus index. The over production of (TNF-α) and (IL-1β) was remarkably suppressed in the fluid of all EXS-treated rats, and in contrast, IL-10 has been exceeded. The level of (COX-2) and (5-LOX) is also decreased with EXS treatment. The inference suggests the potential effect of EXS as an anti-arthritis agent towards CFA-induced arthritis in rats. Xanthium indicum has been regarded as a useful medicine in rheumatoid-arthritis.^[78-80]

CONCLUSION:

Disease have been related to people since their existence. There is an enormous measure of natural medications that are stay covered up for the decades. This specific content explored that Xanthium indicum a promising medicinal plant with wide scope of pharmacological activities which could be used in a few therapeutic applications due to its viability and security. Xanthium indicum has been generally used to treat diseases like arthritis, nasal problems, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic and various other problems. with development in innovation, experimental studies making it conceivable to find progressively pharmacological properties of the plants, for example, Anti-tussive and Anti-allergic activity. This plant contains unidentified chemical constituents that are valuable for pharmacists to synthesize and formulate novel medications for different infections.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

This work was supported by the respected Dean of SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of science and technology, Kattankulathur.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

This article does not contain any conflict of interest.

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Received on 17.10.2019 Modified on 15.11.2019

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5):2475-2479.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00442.4